Comparison of Different Resuscitation Fluids (Hydroxocobalamin vs. Whole Blood vs. Lactated Ringers) Over Time in Volume Controlled and Uncontrolled Hemorrhage Models in Swine (Sus scrofa)

Traumatic hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in civilian and military environments. Blood components are frequently unavailable in the prehospital setting due to increased costs and lack of resources, training and viable portable refrigeration. Hydroxocobalamin (HOC), a synthetic form of vitamin B12, works as an antidote for cyanide toxicity and increases blood pressure via nitric oxide scavenging.