Overview of Microscale Analytical Methods for the Quantitative Detection of Bioaccumulative Contaminants in Small Tissue Masses

For many bioaccumulation studies, generation of large sample masses of exposed organisms is challenging or even prohibitive. Therefore, the use of smaller sample masses for analysis without compromising data quality or quantitative level achieved is desirable. To this end, a variety of microanalytical procedures have been developed that used 1 g or less of tissue to address specific experimental challenges. However, these methods have not been systematically evaluated or published. The present work evaluates the current state of the microanalytical methods reported and identifies additional needs that would benefit US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) research and navigation dredging programs. Discussions with commercial laboratories revealed that they typically do not accept small sample masses and require individual sample masses ranging from 10 to 20 g wet weight of tissue per analysis. If they do analyze a small mass sample, they routinely do not modify their standard process, resulting in detection and reporting limits orders of magnitude higher; therefore, essentially useless nondetect data are generated for regulatory decisions. To address the lack of commercial availability of microanalytical methods, we recommend pursuing method development and subsequent validation of microscale extraction and analysis of a variety of common contaminant compounds in tissue matrices.