Development of Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing Platform Based on Single-Molecule Electrical Conductance

The significant findings in this report come from the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evidence data which suggests that gold nanoparticles GNPs activate B-cells and enhance immunoglobulin G secretion. GNP treatment upregulates blimp1, downregulates pax5, and enhances downstream IgG secretion. The enhancement is size dependent and time dependent. GNPs ranging from 2 to 12 nm had the maximum stimulatory activity for the production of antibody. This is the first time that specific signal transduction pathway has been unambiguously identified and assigned to nanoparticles in a size-dependent manner. We have thus established the link between physical dimension and biological response at molecular level. In the future, it is possible to imitate this physical stimulation through nonphysical manipulation, such as genetic control. In particular, the interaction of immune system and nanoparticles could be manipulated through genetic control. The instant advantage is to establish stable and high affinity bionano interface in the fabrication of the unique molecular electronic device, the protein transistor. New research questions which this research has raised include, how does the immune system sense the size of nanoparticles Are there size-specific genes