Freedom of Religion and Conscience in the Military: Clarifying Policy

Freedom of religion and conscience has had a prominent place in public policy throughout the history of the United States, as evidenced in the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Despite this place of prominence, there has been an ongoing debate, particularly starting in the mid twentieth century, regarding the meaning and application of the freedoms and protections espoused in these clauses. The military has been significantly impacted by this debate, particularly over the past two decades. Numerous examples of accusations concerning violations of religious rights indicate a continuing need for greater understanding and clarification of the meaning and application of these fundamental constitutional rights. Reexamining the historical, legal and political aspects related to these fundamental freedoms is necessary to provide the military with recommendations for new and effective policies that will reflect and protect these freedoms for all who wear the uniform.