Future Opportunities for Bioengagement in the MENA Region

Countering biological threats presents a complexity not seen with either nuclear or chemical weapons. The pathogens and toxins used to develop biological weapons in past offensive weapons programs could be found naturally. The scientific knowledge, skills, equipment, and facilities needed to develop biological weapons are the same as those needed for peaceful, prophylactic research and diagnostic uses. Being able to distinguish between malicious and peaceful uses is the most difficult challenge to identifying illicit activities and developing programs to counter possible illicit activities. Despite this challenge, several efforts have and can be undertaken to counter biological threats caused by nations, terrorist organizations, or individuals with malicious intent. For over two decades, the security community has advocated a web of prevention approach, which involves the use of several complementary activities to counter biological threats. As the focus of concern transitioned to terrorism, this web of prevention approach has taken on a wider scope - to include activities that build on security, science, culture and religion, health, and law and governance. All of these approaches are equally as important for countering biological threats.