Science and Technology Policymaking: A Primer

Scientific and technical knowledge and guidance influences not just policy related to science and technology, but also many of todays public policies as policymakers seek knowledge to enhance the quality of their decisions. Science and technology policy is concerned with the allocation of resources for and encouragement of scientific and engineering research and development, the use of scientific and technical knowledge to enhance the nations response to societal challenges, and the education of Americans in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Science and engineering research and innovation are intricately linked to societal needs and the nations economy in areas such as transportation, communication, agriculture, education, environment, health, defense, and jobs. The three branches of government -- executive, congressional, and judiciary -- use science and technology knowledge and guidance to frame policy issues, craft legislation, and govern. Several organizations, when requested by the federal government or Congress, provide formal science and technology policy advice federal advisory committees, congressionally chartered honorific organizations, and federally funded research and development corporations. In addition, many other organizations and individuals -- international intergovernmental organizations, policy institutesthink tanks, the public, professional organizations, disciplinary societies, universities and colleges, advocacy, special interest, industry, trade associations, and labor -- also provide their thoughts. These organizations may agree on the scientific and technical knowledge regarding an issue, but disagree on what actions to take in response. Policymakers may be overwhelmed with an abundance of information from these organizations. Despite these challenges, scientific and technical knowledge and guidance can provide policymakers with an opportunity to make their decisions based on the best information available.