Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging of Ocean Surface Currents and Wavefields

The potential of a method to remotely measure near-surface currents and dominant wave spectra using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar INSAR is demonstrated. INSAR consists of a single conventional SAR augmented by an additional receiving antenna. The phase difference between corresponding SAR image scenes observed by the antennas provides an interferogram directly proportional to the ocean surface velocity field. This direct motion detection by INSAR suggests a significant advance compared with conventional SAR where the response to the moving ocean surface is indirectly related to complex modulation of the surface reflectivity by longer waves and currents. An experiment using an airborne INSAR to measure ocean surface currents and wave fields, compared with simultaneous ground truth measurements using Lagrangian drifters and wave array data was conducted in Monterey Bay. INSAR measured mean current magnitude estimates agree to within 10 compared with conventional measurements. The INSAR image wavenumber spectrum is consistent with the in situ directional spectrum and with predicted numerical refraction model outputs. Wavelength of the observed swells is better agreement correlation better than 0.9 than wave direction. An attempt to estimate the scene coherence time for L-band SAR was made by taking advantage of the almost simultaneously acquired SAR and INSAR images. The obtained mean scene coherence time 100 msec is consistent with sparse observed estimates in the literature.