Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis

A report is given of work leading to the development of a high resolution electron spectroscopy. The work started in the early part of the fifties and has now been brought to a stage where this kind of spectroscopy maybe ready for a more general use. The energies that can be measured by present equipment range from 1MeV down to 0.01 eV, i.e. 26 octaves. It is shown that new information about atoms and molecules can be obtained by electron spectroscopy. Samples may be prepared in the solid, liquid or gaseous phase. The material presented is comparatively extensive and the work begins with a general survey in order to acquaint the reader with the main features of this type of spectroscopy before presenting a more detailed account in the chapters that follow. Some results of theoretical work and design studies are collected in appendices together with some tables required for ESCA.