Metallurgical Furnaces for Nonferrous Applications. Second Edition, Revised,

In the USSR all refractory products are divided, by composition into eight classes, embracing a total of 20 groups I siliceous II aluminosilicate III magnesian IV chromic V carbonaceous VI zirconium VII oxide and VIII carbide and nitride. By refractoriness, all products are divided into three groups 1 refractory products -- 1580 to 1770C 2 high-refractory products -- 1770-2000C and 3 highest refractory products -- above 2000C. This article presents methods of preparing refractory charge, fabricating of the green product, firing of the product, and placement in critical areas of furnaces of the fired or nonfired product.